Slightly increasing the size of a kmutex_t has caused us to exceed
the stack frame warning size in splat_taskq_test2_impl(). To address
this the tq_args have been moved to the heap.
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
spl-0.6.3/module/splat/splat-taskq.c:358:
error: the frame size of 1040 bytes is larger than 1024 bytes
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chase <tim@chase2k.com>
Issue #435
There are regions in the ZFS code where it is desirable to be able
to be set PF_FSTRANS while a specific mutex is held. The ZFS code
could be updated to set/clear this flag in all the correct places,
but this is undesirable for a few reasons.
1) It would require changes to a significant amount of the ZFS
code. This would complicate applying patches from upstream.
2) It would be easy to accidentally miss a critical region in
the initial patch or to have an future change introduce a
new one.
Both of these concerns can be addressed by adding a new mutex type
which is responsible for managing PF_FSTRANS, support for which was
added to the SPL in commit 9099312 - Merge branch 'kmem-rework'.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chase <tim@chase2k.com>
Issue #435
In the original implementation of the SPL wrappers were provided
for module initialization and cleanup. This was done to abstract
away any compatibility code which might be needed for the SPL.
As it turned out the only significant compatibility issue was that
the default pwd during module load differed under Illumos and Linux.
Since this is such as minor thing and the wrappers complicate the
code they are being retired.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Issue zfsonlinux/zfs#2985
Currently, spl_hostid module parameter doesn't do anything, because it will
always be overwritten when calling into hostid_read().
Instead, we should only call into hostid_read() when spl_hostid is not zero,
just as the comment describes.
Signed-off-by: Chunwei Chen <tuxoko@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#427
For performance reasons the reworked kmem code maps vmem_alloc() to
kmalloc_node() for allocations less than spa_kmem_alloc_max. This
allows for more concurrency in the system and less contention of
the virtual address space. Generally, this is a good thing.
However, in the case when the kmalloc_node() fails it makes little
sense to retry it using kmalloc_node() again. It will likely fail
in exactly the same way. A smarter strategy is to abandon this
optimization and retry using spl_vmalloc() which is very likely
to succeed.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Ned Bass <bass6@llnl.gov>
Closes#428
The kmem_vasprintf(), kmem_vsprintf(), kobj_open_file(), and vn_openat()
functions should all use the kmem_flags_convert() function to generate
the GFP_* flags. This ensures that they can be safely called in any
context and the correct flags will be used.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#426
The __get_free_pages() function must be used in place of kmalloc()
to ensure the __GFP_COMP is strictly honored. This is due to
kmalloc() being layered on the generic Linux slab caches. It
wasn't until recently that all caches were created using __GFP_COMP.
This means that it is possible for a kmalloc() which passed the
__GFP_COMP flag to be returned a non-compound allocation.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The kmem cache implementation always adds new slabs by dispatching a
task to the spl_kmem_cache taskq to perform the allocation. This is
done because large slabs must be allocated using vmalloc(). It is
possible these allocations will block on IO because the GFP_NOIO flag
is not honored. This can result in a deadlock.
Therefore, a deadlock detection strategy was implemented to deal with
this case. When it is determined, by timeout, that the spl_kmem_cache
thread has deadlocked attempting to add a new slab. Then all callers
attempting to allocate from the cache fall back to using kmalloc()
which does honor all passed flags.
This logic was correct but an optimization in the code allowed for a
deadlock. Because only slabs backed by vmalloc() can deadlock in the
way described above. An optimization was made to only invoke this
deadlock detection code for vmalloc() backed caches. This had the
advantage of making it easy to distinguish these objects when they
were freed.
But this isn't strictly safe. If all the spl_kmem_cache threads end
up deadlocked than we can't grow any of the other caches either. This
can once again result in a deadlock if memory needs to be allocated
from one of these other caches to ensure forward progress.
The fix here is to remove the optimization which limits this fall back
allocation stratagy to vmalloc() backed caches. Doing this means we
may need to take the cache lock in spl_kmem_cache_free() call path.
But this small cost can be mitigated by ignoring objects with virtual
addresses.
For good measure the default number of spl_kmem_cache threads has been
increased from 1 to 4, and made tunable. This alone wouldn't resolve
the original issue since it's still possible for all the threads to be
deadlocked. However, it does help responsiveness by ensuring that a
single deadlocked spl_kmem_cache thread doesn't block allocations from
other caches until the timeout is reached.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
This change is designed to improve the memory utilization of
slabs by more carefully setting their size. The way the code
currently works is problematic for slabs which contain large
objects (>1MB). This is due to slabs being unconditionally
rounded up to a power of two which may result in unused space
at the end of the slab.
The reason the existing code rounds up every slab is because it
assumes it will backed by the buddy allocator. Since the buddy
allocator can only performs power of two allocations this is
desirable because it avoids wasting any space. However, this
logic breaks down if slab is backed by vmalloc() which operates
at a page level granularity. In this case, the optimal thing to
do is calculate the minimum required slab size given certain
constraints (object size, alignment, objects/slab, etc).
Therefore, this patch reworks the spl_slab_size() function so
that it sizes KMC_KMEM slabs differently than KMC_VMEM slabs.
KMC_KMEM slabs are rounded up to the nearest power of two, and
KMC_VMEM slabs are allowed to be the minimum required size.
This change also reduces the default number of objects per slab.
This reduces how much memory a single cache object can pin, which
can result in significant memory saving for highly fragmented
caches. But depending on the workload it may result in slabs
being allocated and freed more frequently. In practice, this
has been shown to be a better default for most workloads.
Also the maximum slab size has been reduced to 4MB on 32-bit
systems. Due to the limited virtual address space it's critical
the we be as frugal as possible. A limit of 4M still lets us
reasonably comfortably allocate a limited number of 1MB objects.
Finally, the kmem:slab_small and kmem:slab_large SPLAT tests
were extended to provide better test coverage of various object
sizes and alignments. Caches are created with random parameters
and their basic functionality is verified by allocating several
slabs worth of objects.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Reduce the threshold for detecting a kmem cache deadlock by 10x
from HZ to HZ/10. The reduced value is still several orders of
magnitude large enough to avoid being triggered incorrectly. By
reducing it we allow the system to resolve the issue more quickly.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Many people have noticed that the kmem cache implementation is slow
to release its memory. This patch makes the reclaim behavior more
aggressive by immediately freeing a slab once it is empty. Unused
objects which are cached in the magazines will still prevent a slab
from being freed.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The comment above the Linux 3.16 kernel's clear_bit() states:
/**
* clear_bit - Clears a bit in memory
* @nr: Bit to clear
* @addr: Address to start counting from
*
* clear_bit() is atomic and may not be reordered. However, it does
* not contain a memory barrier, so if it is used for locking purposes,
* you should call smp_mb__before_atomic() and/or smp_mb__after_atomic()
* in order to ensure changes are visible on other processors.
*/
This comment does not make sense in the context of x86 because x86 maps the
operations to barrier(), which is a compiler barrier. However, it does make
sense to me when I consider architectures that reorder around atomic
instructions. In such situations, a processor is allowed to execute the
wake_up_bit() before clear_bit() and we have a race. There are a few
architectures that suffer from this issue.
In such situations, the other processor would wake-up, see the bit is still
taken and go to sleep, while the one responsible for waking it up will
assume that it did its job and continue.
This patch implements a wrapper that maps smp_mb__{before,after}_atomic() to
smp_mb__{before,after}_clear_bit() on older kernels and changes our code to
leverage it in a manner consistent with the mainline kernel.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The port of XFS to Linux introduced a thread-specific PF_FSTRANS bit
that is used to mark contexts which are processing transactions. When
set, allocations in this context can dip into kernel memory reserves
to avoid deadlocks during writeback. Linux 3.9 provided the additional
PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO for disabling __GFP_IO in page allocations, which XFS
began using in 3.15.
This patch implements hooks for marking transactions via PF_FSTRANS.
When an allocation is performed in the context of PF_FSTRANS, any
KM_SLEEP allocation is transparently converted to a GFP_NOIO allocation.
Additionally, when using a Linux 3.9 or newer kernel, it will set
PF_MEMALLOC_NOIO to prevent direct reclaim from entering pageout() on
on any KM_PUSHPAGE or KM_NOSLEEP allocation. This effectively allows
the spl_vmalloc() helper function to be used safely in a thread which
is responsible for IO.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
This patch achieves the following goals:
1. It replaces the preprocessor kmem flag to gfp flag mapping with
proper translation logic. This eliminates the potential for
surprises that were previously possible where kmem flags were
mapped to gfp flags.
2. It maps vmem_alloc() allocations to kmem_alloc() for allocations
sized less than or equal to the newly-added spl_kmem_alloc_max
parameter. This ensures that small allocations will not contend
on a single global lock, large allocations can still be handled,
and potentially limited virtual address space will not be squandered.
This behavior is entirely different than under Illumos due to
different memory management strategies employed by the respective
kernels. However, this functionally provides the semantics required.
3. The --disable-debug-kmem, --enable-debug-kmem (default), and
--enable-debug-kmem-tracking allocators have been unified in to
a single spl_kmem_alloc_impl() allocation function. This was
done to simplify the code and make it more maintainable.
4. Improve portability by exposing an implementation of the memory
allocations functions that can be safely used in the same way
they are used on Illumos. Specifically, callers may safely
use KM_SLEEP in contexts which perform filesystem IO. This
allows us to eliminate an entire class of Linux specific changes
which were previously required to avoid deadlocking the system.
This change will be largely transparent to existing callers but there
are a few caveats:
1. Because the headers were refactored and extraneous includes removed
callers may find they need to explicitly add additional #includes.
In particular, kmem_cache.h must now be explicitly includes to
access the SPL's kmem cache implementation. This behavior is
different from Illumos but it was done to avoid always masking
the Linux slab functions when kmem.h is included.
2. Callers, like Lustre, which made assumptions about the definitions
of KM_SLEEP, KM_NOSLEEP, and KM_PUSHPAGE will need to be updated.
Other callers such as ZFS which did not will not require changes.
3. KM_PUSHPAGE is no longer overloaded to imply GFP_NOIO. It retains
its original meaning of allowing allocations to access reserved
memory. KM_PUSHPAGE callers can be converted back to KM_SLEEP.
4. The KM_NODEBUG flags has been retired and the default warning
threshold increased to 32k.
5. The kmem_virt() functions has been removed. For callers which
need to distinguish between a physical and virtual address use
is_vmalloc_addr().
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Address all cstyle issues in the kmem, vmem, and kmem_cache source
and headers. This will done to make it easier to review subsequent
changes which will rework the kmem/vmem implementation.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
This change introduces no functional changes to the memory management
interfaces. It only restructures the existing codes by separating the
kmem, vmem, and kmem cache implementations in the separate source and
header files.
Splitting this functionality in to separate files required the addition
of spl_vmem_{init,fini}() and spl_kmem_cache_{initi,fini}() functions.
Additionally, several minor changes to the #include's were required to
accommodate the removal of extraneous header from kmem.h.
But again, while large this patch introduces no functional changes.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
When running the SPLAT tests on a kernel with CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS=y
enabled the following warning is generated.
ODEBUG: object is on stack, but not annotated
WARNING: at lib/debugobjects.c:300 __debug_object_init+0x221/0x480()
This is caused by the test cases placing a debug object on the stack
rather than the heap. This isn't harmful since they are small objects
but to make CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS=y happy the objects have been relocated
to the heap. This impacted taskq tests 1, 3, and 7.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#424
Don't include the compatibility code in linux/*_compat.h in the public
header sys/types.h. This causes problems when an external code base
includes the ZFS headers and has its own conflicting compatibility code.
Lustre, in particular, defined SHRINK_STOP for compatibility with
pre-3.12 kernels in a way that conflicted with the SPL's definition.
Because Lustre ZFS OSD includes ZFS headers it fails to build due to a
'"SHRINK_STOP" redefined' compiler warning. To avoid such conflicts
only include the compat headers from .c files or private headers.
Also, for consistency, include sys/*.h before linux/*.h then sort by
header name.
Signed-off-by: Ned Bass <bass6@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#411
When the SPL was originally written Linux tracepoints were still
in their infancy. Therefore, an entire debugging subsystem was
added to facilite tracing which served us well for many years.
Now that Linux tracepoints have matured they provide all the
functionality of the previous tracing subsystem. Rather than
maintain parallel functionality it makes sense to fully adopt
tracepoints. Therefore, this patch retires the legacy debugging
infrastructure.
See zfsonlinux/zfs@bc9f413 for the tracepoint changes.
Signed-off-by: Ned Bass <bass6@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#408
As long as we can fit a minimum of one object/slab there's no reason
to prevent the creation of the cache. This effectively pushes the
maximum object size up to 32MB. The splat cache tests were extended
accordingly to verify this functionality.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
When building zfs modules with kernel, compiled from deb.src, the
packaging process ends up installing the modules in the wrong place.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Pyhalov <apyhalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closeszfsonlinux/zfs#2822
This has a few benefits. First, it fixes a regression that "Rework
generic memory allocation interfaces" appears to have triggered in
splat's slab_reap and slab_age tests. Second, it makes porting code from
Illumos to ZFSOnLinux easier. Third, it has the side effect of making
reclaim from slab caches that specify reclaim functions an order of
magnitude faster. The splat slab_reap test usually took 30 to 40
seconds. With this change, it takes 3 to 4.
Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Issue #369
The new shrinker API as of Linux 3.12 modifies "struct shrinker" by
replacing the @shrink callback with the pair of @count_objects and
@scan_objects. It also requires the return value of @count_objects to
return the number of objects actually freed whereas the previous @shrink
callback returned the number of remaining freeable objects.
This patch adds support for the new @scan_objects return value semantics
and updates the splat shrinker test case appropriately.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chase <tim@chase2k.com>
Closes#403
The kern_path() function has been available since Linux 2.6.28.
There is no longer a need to maintain this compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The kvasprintf() function has been available since Linux 2.6.22.
There is no longer a need to maintain this compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
As of Linux 2.6.32 the proc handlers where updated to expect only
five arguments. Therefore there is no longer a need to maintain
this compatibility code and this infrastructure can be simplified.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The groups_search() function was never exported by a mainline kernel
therefore we drop this compatibility code and always provide our own
implementation.
Additionally, the cred_t structure has been available since 2.6.29
so there is no longer a need to maintain compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
This function has never been exported by any mainline and was only
briefly available under RHEL5. Therefore this check is being removed
and the code update to always use the wrapper function.
The next step will be to eliminate all this code. If ZFS were updated
not to assume that it's pwd was / there would be no need for this.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The user_path_dir() function has been available since Linux 2.6.27.
There is no longer a need to maintain this compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
After the removable of get_vmalloc_info(), the unused global memory
variables, and the optional dcache/icache shrinkers there is no
longer a need for the kallsyms compatibility code. This allows
us to eliminate another brittle area of the code by removing the
kernel upcall this functionality depended on for older kernels.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
This is optional functionality which may or may not be useful to
ZFS when using older kernels. It is never a hard requirement.
Therefore this functionality is being removed from the SPL and
a simpler slimmed down version will be added to ZFS.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Platforms such as Illumos and FreeBSD have historically provided
global variables which summerize the memory state of a system.
Linux on the otherhand doesn't expose any of this information
to kernel modules and uses entirely different mechanisms for
memory management.
In order to simplify the original ZFS port to Linux these global
variables were emulated by the SPL for the benefit of ZFS. As ZoL
has matured over the years it has moved steadily away from these
interfaces and now no longer depends on them at all.
Therefore, this patch completely removes the global variables
availrmem, minfree, desfree, lotsfree, needfree, swapfs_minfree,
and swapfs_reserve. This greatly simplifies the memory management
code and eliminates a common area of confusion.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The get_vmalloc_info() function was used to back the vmem_size()
function. This was always problematic and resulted in brittle
code because the kernel never provided a clean interface for
modules.
However, it turns out that the only caller of this function in
ZFS uses it to determine the total virtual address space size.
This can be determined easily without get_vmalloc_info() so
vmem_size() has been updated to take this approach which allows
us to shed the get_vmalloc_info() dependency.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The on_each_cpu() function has been available since Linux 2.6.27.
There is no longer a need to maintain this compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The inode structure has used i_mutex as its internal locking
primitive since 2.6.16. The compatibility code to check for
the previous semaphore primitive has been removed. However,
the wrapper function itself is being kept because it's entirely
possible this primitive will change again to allow finer grained
locking.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Many of the time functions had grown overly complex in order to
handle kernel compatibility issues. However, as of Linux 2.6.26
all the required functionality is available. This allows us to
retire numerous configure checks and greatly simplify the time
compatibility wrappers.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The fls64() function has been available since Linux 2.6.16 and
it should be used to implemented highbit64(). This allows us
to provide an optimized implementation and simplify the code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Support for the CTL_UNNUMBERED sysctl interface was removed in
Linux 2.6.19. There is no longer any reason to maintain this
compatibility code. There also issue any reason to keep around
the CTL_NAME macro and helpers so they have been retired.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The register_sysctl() interface has been stable since Linux 2.6.21.
There is no longer a need to maintain compatibility code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
There is no longer a need to wrap this because utsname() is provided
by the kernel and can be called directly. This will require a small
change in the ZFS code because utsname is expected to be a global
structure and not a function.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The generic SPL cache shrinkers make the assumption that the
caches only contain VFS cache data and therefore should be scaled
based on vfs_cache_pressure. This is not strictly true and it
should not be assumed.
Removing this tuning should not have any impact on the stock
behavior because vfs_cache_pressure=100 by default. This means
that no scaling will take place.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Since the Linux 2.6.29 kernel all mutexes have been adaptive mutexs.
There is no longer any point in keeping this code so it is being
removed to simplify the code.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
When the SPL was originally written it was designed to use the
device_create() and device_destroy() functions. Unfortunately,
these functions changed considerably over the years making them
difficult to rely on.
As it turns out a better choice would have been to use the
misc_register()/misc_deregister() functions. This interface
for registering character devices has remained stable, is simple,
and provides everything we need.
Therefore the code has been reworked to use this interface. The
higher level ZFS code has always depended on these same interfaces
so this is also as a step towards minimizing our kernel dependencies.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
For consistency throughout the code update the SPLAT infrastructure
to use the wrapped mutex interfaces.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Apply the license specified in the META file to ensure the
compatibility checks are all performed consistently.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
While running SPLAT on a kernel with CONFIG_DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP
enabled the taskq:front was flagged as a test which might sleep
which in an unsafe context. Specifically, the splat_vprint()
function which internally takes a mutex was being called under
a spin lock. Moving the log function outside the spin lock
cleanly solves this issue.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
The smp_mb__{before,after}_clear_bit functions have been renamed
smp_mb__{before,after}_atomic. Rather than adding a compatibility
function to handle this the code has been updated to use smp_wmb().
This has the advantage of being a stable functionally equivalent
interface. On many architectures smp_mb__after_clear_bit() expands
to smp_wmb(). Others might be able to do something slightly more
efficient but this will be safe and correct on all of them.
Signed-off-by: Turbo Fredriksson <turbo@bayour.com>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#386
zfsonlinux/spl#bcb15891ab394e11615eee08bba1fd85ac32e158 implemented
Linux 3.6+ support by adding duplicate vn_rename and vn_remove
functions. The new ones were cleaner, but the duplicate functions made
the codebase less maintainable. This adds some compatibility shims that
allow us to retire the older vn_rename and vn_remove in favor of the new
ones on old kernels. The result is a net 143 line reduction in lines of
code and a cleaner codebase.
Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#370
Linux kernel 3.17 removes the action function argument from
wait_on_bit(). Add autoconf test and compatibility macro to support
the new interface.
The former "wait_on_bit" interface required an 'action' function to
be provided which does the actual waiting. There were over 20 such
functions in the kernel, many of them identical, though most cases
can be satisfied by one of just two functions: one which uses
io_schedule() and one which just uses schedule(). This API change
was made to consolidate all of those redundant wait functions.
References: torvalds/linux@7431620
Signed-off-by: Ned Bass <bass6@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Closes#378
For small objects the Linux slab allocator should be used to make the most
efficient use of the memory. However, large objects are not supported by
the Linux slab and therefore the SPL implementation is preferred. A cutoff
of 16K was determined to be optimal for architectures using 4K pages.
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Signed-off-by: DHE <git@dehacked.net>
Issue #356Closes#379
Brian Behlendorf
Chunwei Chen
Richard Yao
Ned Bass
Alexander Pyhalov
Tim Chase
Turbo Fredriksson