Ubuntu: style changes
Richard Laager
parent
01ffa236e9
commit
70b3f9db60
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
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### System Requirements
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* [64-bit Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial Live CD](http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/ubuntu-16.04-desktop-amd64.iso) (*not* the alternate installer)
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* 64-bit computer (amd64, a.k.a. x86_64) computer
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* A drive which presents 512B logical sectors. Installing on a drive which presents 4KiB logical sectors (a "4Kn" drive) should work with UEFI partitioning, but this has not been tested.
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* A drive which presents 512B logical sectors. Installing on a drive which presents 4KiB logical sectors (a “4Kn” drive) should work with UEFI partitioning, but this has not been tested.
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Computers that have less than 2 GiB of memory run ZFS slowly. 4 GiB of memory is recommended for normal performance in basic workloads. If you wish to use deduplication, you will need [massive amounts of RAM](http://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide#Deduplication). Enabling deduplication is a permanent change that cannot be easily reverted.
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Computers that have less than 2 GiB of memory run ZFS slowly. 4 GiB of memory i
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1.2 Optional: Install the OpenSSH server in the Live CD environment:
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If you have a second system, using SSH to access the target system can be convenient and allows copy-and-paste.
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If you have a second system, using SSH to access the target system can be convenient.
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$ sudo apt-get --yes install openssh-server
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Set a password on the “ubuntu” (Live CD user) account:
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$ passwd
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**Hint:** You can find your IP address with `ip addr show scope global`. Then, from your main machine, connect with: `ssh ubuntu@IP`
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**Hint:** You can find your IP address with `ip addr show scope global`. Then, from your main machine, connect with `ssh ubuntu@IP`.
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1.3 Become root:
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@ -57,22 +57,22 @@ Set a password on the “ubuntu” (Live CD user) account:
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Always use the long `/dev/disk/by-id/*` aliases with ZFS. Using the `/dev/sd*` device nodes directly can cause sporadic import failures, especially on systems that have more than one storage pool.
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**Hints:**
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* `# ls -la /dev/disk/by-id` will list the aliases.
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* Are you doing this in a virtual machine? If your virtual disk is missing from `/dev/disk/by-id`, use /dev/vda if you are using KVM with virtio; otherwise, read the [troubleshooting](https://github.com/rlaager/zfs/wiki/HOWTO-Install-Ubuntu-to-a-Native-ZFS-Root-Filesystem#troubleshooting) section.
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* `ls -la /dev/disk/by-id` will list the aliases.
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* Are you doing this in a virtual machine? If your virtual disk is missing from `/dev/disk/by-id`, use `/dev/vda` if you are using KVM with virtio; otherwise, read the [troubleshooting](https://github.com/rlaager/zfs/wiki/HOWTO-Install-Ubuntu-to-a-Native-ZFS-Root-Filesystem#troubleshooting) section.
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2.3 Create the root pool on the ZFS partition:
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2.3 Create the root pool:
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# zpool create -o ashift=12 \
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-O atime=off -O canmount=off -O compression=lz4 -O normalization=formD \
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-O mountpoint=/ -R /mnt rpool /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1
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The use of ashift=12 is recommended here because many drives today have 4KiB (or larger) physical sectors, even though they present 512B logical sectors. Also, a future replacement drive may have 4KiB physical sectors (in which case ashift=12 is desirable) or 4KiB logical sectors (in which case ashift=12 is required).
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Setting `normalization=formD` eliminates some corner cases relating to UTF-8 filename normalization. It also implies `utf8only=on`, which means that only UTF-8 filenames are allowed. If you care to support non-UTF-8 filenames, do not use this option. For a discussion of why requiring UTF-8 filenames may be a bad idea, see [The problems with enforced UTF-8 only filenames](http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/ForcedUTF8Filenames).
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**Notes:**
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* The use of `ashift=12` is recommended here because many drives today have 4KiB (or larger) physical sectors, even though they present 512B logical sectors. Also, a future replacement drive may have 4KiB physical sectors (in which case `ashift=12` is desirable) or 4KiB logical sectors (in which case `ashift=12` is required).
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* Setting `normalization=formD` eliminates some corner cases relating to UTF-8 filename normalization. It also implies `utf8only=on`, which means that only UTF-8 filenames are allowed. If you care to support non-UTF-8 filenames, do not use this option. For a discussion of why requiring UTF-8 filenames may be a bad idea, see [The problems with enforced UTF-8 only filenames](http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/ForcedUTF8Filenames).
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**Hints:**
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* The root pool does not have to be a single disk; it can have a mirror or raidz topology. In that case, repeat the partitioning commands for all the disks which will be part of the pool. Then, create the pool using `zpool create ... rpool mirror /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk2-part1` (or replace `mirror` with `raidz`, `raidz2`, or `raidz3` and list the partitions from additional disks). Later, install GRUB to all the disks. This is trivial for MBR booting; the UEFI equivalent is currently left as an exercise for the reader.
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* The pool name is arbitrary. On systems that can automatically install to ZFS, the root pool is named `rpool` by default. If you work with multiple systems, it might be wise to use something like `hostname`, `hostname0`, or `hostname-1` instead.
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* The pool name is arbitrary. On systems that can automatically install to ZFS, the root pool is named `rpool` by default. If you work with multiple systems, it might be wise to use `hostname`, `hostname0`, or `hostname-1` instead.
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## Step 3: System Installation
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@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ With ZFS, it is not normally necessary to use a mount command (either `mount` or
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# zfs create -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false \
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-o mountpoint=/var/lib/nfs rpool/var/nfs
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The primary goal of this dataset layout is to separate the OS (at `rpool/ROOT/ubuntu`) from user data. This allows the root filesystem to be rolled back without rolling back user data like logs (in `/var/log`). This will be especially important if/when a `beadm` or similar utility is integrated. Since we are creating multiple datasets anyway, it is trivial to add some restrictions (for extra security) at the same time. The `com.sun.auto-snapshot` setting is used by some ZFS snapshot utilities to exclude transient data.
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The primary goal of this dataset layout is to separate the OS (at `rpool/ROOT/ubuntu`) from user data. This allows the root filesystem to be rolled back without rolling back user data such as logs (in `/var/log`). This will be especially important if/when a `beadm` or similar utility is integrated. Since we are creating multiple datasets anyway, it is trivial to add some restrictions (for extra security) at the same time. The `com.sun.auto-snapshot` setting is used by some ZFS snapshot utilities to exclude transient data.
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3.4 Install the minimal system:
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@ -129,15 +129,16 @@ The `debootstrap` command leaves the new system in an unconfigured state. An al
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# echo HOSTNAME > /mnt/etc/hostname
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# vi /mnt/etc/hosts
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Add a line like this:
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Add a line:
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127.0.1.1 HOSTNAME
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or if the system has a real name in DNS:
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127.0.1.1 FQDN HOSTNAME
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**Hint:** Use `nano` if you find `vi` confusing.
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4.2 Edit the `/mnt/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0` file so that it contains something like this:
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4.2 Configure the network interface:
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# vi /mnt/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet dhcp
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@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ Even if you prefer a non-English system language, always ensure that `en_US.UTF-
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# echo 'LANG="en_US.UTF-8"' > /etc/default/locale
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# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
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# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
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deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main universe
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deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main universe
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@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ Even if you prefer a non-English system language, always ensure that `en_US.UTF-
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deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates main universe
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deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates main universe
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# ln -s /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
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# apt-get update
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# apt-get install --yes ubuntu-minimal
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@ -209,8 +212,6 @@ Choose one of the following options:
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## Step 5: GRUB Installation
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For extra verification, manually install GRUB again to be certain that the system is bootable.
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5.1 Verify that the ZFS root filesystem is recognized:
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# grub-probe /
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@ -224,9 +225,9 @@ For extra verification, manually install GRUB again to be certain that the syste
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5.3 Optional (but highly recommended): Make debugging GRUB easier:
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# vi /etc/default/grub
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Comment out GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
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Remove quiet and splash from GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
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Uncomment GRUB_TERMINAL=console
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Comment out: GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
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Remove quiet and splash from: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
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Uncomment: GRUB_TERMINAL=console
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Save and quit.
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Later, once the system has rebooted twice and you are sure everything is working, you can undo these changes, if desired.
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@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ Later, once the system has rebooted twice and you are sure everything is working
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5.5 Install the boot loader
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5.5a For legacy (MBR) booting, install GRUB to the MBR like this:
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5.5a For legacy (MBR) booting, install GRUB to the MBR:
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# grub-install /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
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Installing for i386-pc platform.
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@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ Do not reboot the computer until you get exactly that result message. Note that
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If you are creating a mirror, repeat the grub-install command for each disk in the pool.
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5.5b For UEFI booting, install GRUB like this:
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5.5b For UEFI booting, install GRUB:
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# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi \
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--bootloader-id=ubuntu --recheck --no-floppy
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@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ In the future, you will likely want to take snapshots before each upgrade, and r
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6.5 Wait for the newly installed system to boot normally. Login as root.
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6.6 Add a user account on the new system:
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6.6 Create a user account:
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Choose one of the following options:
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@ -305,7 +306,7 @@ Choose one of the following options:
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The temporary name for the dataset is required to work-around [a bug in ecryptfs-setup-private](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ecryptfs-utils/+bug/1574174). Otherwise, it will fail with an error saying the home directory is already mounted; that check is not specific enough in the pattern it uses.
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**Note:** Automatically mounted snapshots (i.e. the `.zfs/snapshots` directory) will not work through ecryptfs. You can do another ecryptfs mount manually if you need to access files in a snapshot. A script to automate the mounting should be possible, but has not yet been implemented.
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**Note:** Automatically mounted snapshots (i.e. the `.zfs/snapshots` directory) will not work through eCryptfs. You can do another eCryptfs mount manually if you need to access files in a snapshot. A script to automate the mounting should be possible, but has not yet been implemented.
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6.7 Add your user account to the default set of groups for an administrator:
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@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ As `/var/log` is already compressed by ZFS, logrotate’s compression is going t
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9.4 Optional (not recommended):
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If you really like the graphical boot process, you can re-enable it now. It will make debugging boot problems more difficult, though.
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If you prefer the graphical boot process, you can re-enable it now. It will make debugging boot problems more difficult, though.
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$ sudo vi /etc/default/grub
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Uncomment GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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### System Requirements
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* [64-bit Ubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Live CD](http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/yakkety-desktop-amd64.iso) (*not* the alternate installer)
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* 64-bit computer (amd64, a.k.a. x86_64) computer
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* A drive which presents 512B logical sectors. Installing on a drive which presents 4KiB logical sectors (a "4Kn" drive) should work with UEFI partitioning, but this has not been tested.
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* A drive which presents 512B logical sectors. Installing on a drive which presents 4KiB logical sectors (a “4Kn” drive) should work with UEFI partitioning, but this has not been tested.
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Computers that have less than 2 GiB of memory run ZFS slowly. 4 GiB of memory is recommended for normal performance in basic workloads. If you wish to use deduplication, you will need [massive amounts of RAM](http://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide#Deduplication). Enabling deduplication is a permanent change that cannot be easily reverted.
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Computers that have less than 2 GiB of memory run ZFS slowly. 4 GiB of memory i
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1.2 Optional: Install the OpenSSH server in the Live CD environment:
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If you have a second system, using SSH to access the target system can be convenient and allows copy-and-paste.
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If you have a second system, using SSH to access the target system can be convenient.
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$ sudo apt-get --yes install openssh-server
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Set a password on the “ubuntu” (Live CD user) account:
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$ passwd
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**Hint:** You can find your IP address with `ip addr show scope global`. Then, from your main machine, connect with: `ssh ubuntu@IP`
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**Hint:** You can find your IP address with `ip addr show scope global`. Then, from your main machine, connect with `ssh ubuntu@IP`.
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1.3 Become root:
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@ -60,22 +60,22 @@ Set a password on the “ubuntu” (Live CD user) account:
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Always use the long `/dev/disk/by-id/*` aliases with ZFS. Using the `/dev/sd*` device nodes directly can cause sporadic import failures, especially on systems that have more than one storage pool.
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**Hints:**
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* `# ls -la /dev/disk/by-id` will list the aliases.
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* Are you doing this in a virtual machine? If your virtual disk is missing from `/dev/disk/by-id`, use /dev/vda if you are using KVM with virtio; otherwise, read the [troubleshooting](https://github.com/rlaager/zfs/wiki/HOWTO-Install-Ubuntu-to-a-Native-ZFS-Root-Filesystem#troubleshooting) section.
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* `ls -la /dev/disk/by-id` will list the aliases.
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* Are you doing this in a virtual machine? If your virtual disk is missing from `/dev/disk/by-id`, use `/dev/vda` if you are using KVM with virtio; otherwise, read the [troubleshooting](https://github.com/rlaager/zfs/wiki/HOWTO-Install-Ubuntu-to-a-Native-ZFS-Root-Filesystem#troubleshooting) section.
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2.3 Create the root pool on the ZFS partition:
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2.3 Create the root pool:
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# zpool create -o ashift=12 \
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-O atime=off -O canmount=off -O compression=lz4 -O normalization=formD \
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-O mountpoint=/ -R /mnt rpool /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1
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The use of ashift=12 is recommended here because many drives today have 4KiB (or larger) physical sectors, even though they present 512B logical sectors. Also, a future replacement drive may have 4KiB physical sectors (in which case ashift=12 is desirable) or 4KiB logical sectors (in which case ashift=12 is required).
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Setting `normalization=formD` eliminates some corner cases relating to UTF-8 filename normalization. It also implies `utf8only=on`, which means that only UTF-8 filenames are allowed. If you care to support non-UTF-8 filenames, do not use this option. For a discussion of why requiring UTF-8 filenames may be a bad idea, see [The problems with enforced UTF-8 only filenames](http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/ForcedUTF8Filenames).
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**Notes:**
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* The use of `ashift=12` is recommended here because many drives today have 4KiB (or larger) physical sectors, even though they present 512B logical sectors. Also, a future replacement drive may have 4KiB physical sectors (in which case `ashift=12` is desirable) or 4KiB logical sectors (in which case `ashift=12` is required).
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* Setting `normalization=formD` eliminates some corner cases relating to UTF-8 filename normalization. It also implies `utf8only=on`, which means that only UTF-8 filenames are allowed. If you care to support non-UTF-8 filenames, do not use this option. For a discussion of why requiring UTF-8 filenames may be a bad idea, see [The problems with enforced UTF-8 only filenames](http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/ForcedUTF8Filenames).
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**Hints:**
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* The root pool does not have to be a single disk; it can have a mirror or raidz topology. In that case, repeat the partitioning commands for all the disks which will be part of the pool. Then, create the pool using `zpool create ... rpool mirror /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk2-part1` (or replace `mirror` with `raidz`, `raidz2`, or `raidz3` and list the partitions from additional disks). Later, install GRUB to all the disks. This is trivial for MBR booting; the UEFI equivalent is currently left as an exercise for the reader.
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* The pool name is arbitrary. On systems that can automatically install to ZFS, the root pool is named `rpool` by default. If you work with multiple systems, it might be wise to use something like `hostname`, `hostname0`, or `hostname-1` instead.
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* The pool name is arbitrary. On systems that can automatically install to ZFS, the root pool is named `rpool` by default. If you work with multiple systems, it might be wise to use `hostname`, `hostname0`, or `hostname-1` instead.
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## Step 3: System Installation
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@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ With ZFS, it is not normally necessary to use a mount command (either `mount` or
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# zfs create -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false \
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-o mountpoint=/var/lib/nfs rpool/var/nfs
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The primary goal of this dataset layout is to separate the OS (at `rpool/ROOT/ubuntu`) from user data. This allows the root filesystem to be rolled back without rolling back user data like logs (in `/var/log`). This will be especially important if/when a `beadm` or similar utility is integrated. Since we are creating multiple datasets anyway, it is trivial to add some restrictions (for extra security) at the same time. The `com.sun.auto-snapshot` setting is used by some ZFS snapshot utilities to exclude transient data.
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The primary goal of this dataset layout is to separate the OS (at `rpool/ROOT/ubuntu`) from user data. This allows the root filesystem to be rolled back without rolling back user data such as logs (in `/var/log`). This will be especially important if/when a `beadm` or similar utility is integrated. Since we are creating multiple datasets anyway, it is trivial to add some restrictions (for extra security) at the same time. The `com.sun.auto-snapshot` setting is used by some ZFS snapshot utilities to exclude transient data.
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3.4 Install the minimal system:
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@ -132,15 +132,16 @@ The `debootstrap` command leaves the new system in an unconfigured state. An al
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# echo HOSTNAME > /mnt/etc/hostname
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# vi /mnt/etc/hosts
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Add a line like this:
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Add a line:
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127.0.1.1 HOSTNAME
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or if the system has a real name in DNS:
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127.0.1.1 FQDN HOSTNAME
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**Hint:** Use `nano` if you find `vi` confusing.
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4.2 Edit the `/mnt/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0` file so that it contains something like this:
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4.2 Configure the network interface:
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# vi /mnt/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet dhcp
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@ -164,6 +165,7 @@ Even if you prefer a non-English system language, always ensure that `en_US.UTF-
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# echo 'LANG="en_US.UTF-8"' > /etc/default/locale
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# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
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# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
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deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety main universe
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deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety main universe
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@ -173,6 +175,7 @@ Even if you prefer a non-English system language, always ensure that `en_US.UTF-
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deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety-updates main universe
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deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu yakkety-updates main universe
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# ln -s /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
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# apt-get update
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@ -211,8 +214,6 @@ Choose one of the following options:
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## Step 5: GRUB Installation
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For extra verification, manually install GRUB again to be certain that the system is bootable.
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5.1 Verify that the ZFS root filesystem is recognized:
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# grub-probe /
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@ -226,9 +227,9 @@ For extra verification, manually install GRUB again to be certain that the syste
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5.3 Optional (but highly recommended): Make debugging GRUB easier:
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# vi /etc/default/grub
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Comment out GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
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Remove quiet and splash from GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
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Uncomment GRUB_TERMINAL=console
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Comment out: GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
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Remove quiet and splash from: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
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Uncomment: GRUB_TERMINAL=console
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||||
Save and quit.
|
||||
|
||||
Later, once the system has rebooted twice and you are sure everything is working, you can undo these changes, if desired.
|
||||
|
|
@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ Later, once the system has rebooted twice and you are sure everything is working
|
|||
|
||||
5.5 Install the boot loader
|
||||
|
||||
5.5a For legacy (MBR) booting, install GRUB to the MBR like this:
|
||||
5.5a For legacy (MBR) booting, install GRUB to the MBR:
|
||||
|
||||
# grub-install /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
|
||||
Installing for i386-pc platform.
|
||||
|
|
@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ Do not reboot the computer until you get exactly that result message. Note that
|
|||
|
||||
If you are creating a mirror, repeat the grub-install command for each disk in the pool.
|
||||
|
||||
5.5b For UEFI booting, install GRUB like this:
|
||||
5.5b For UEFI booting, install GRUB:
|
||||
|
||||
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi \
|
||||
--bootloader-id=ubuntu --recheck --no-floppy
|
||||
|
|
@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ In the future, you will likely want to take snapshots before each upgrade, and r
|
|||
|
||||
6.5 Wait for the newly installed system to boot normally. Login as root.
|
||||
|
||||
6.6 Add a user account on the new system:
|
||||
6.6 Create a user account:
|
||||
|
||||
Choose one of the following options:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ Choose one of the following options:
|
|||
|
||||
The temporary name for the dataset is required to work-around [a bug in ecryptfs-setup-private](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ecryptfs-utils/+bug/1574174). Otherwise, it will fail with an error saying the home directory is already mounted; that check is not specific enough in the pattern it uses.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** Automatically mounted snapshots (i.e. the `.zfs/snapshots` directory) will not work through ecryptfs. You can do another ecryptfs mount manually if you need to access files in a snapshot. A script to automate the mounting should be possible, but has not yet been implemented.
|
||||
**Note:** Automatically mounted snapshots (i.e. the `.zfs/snapshots` directory) will not work through eCryptfs. You can do another eCryptfs mount manually if you need to access files in a snapshot. A script to automate the mounting should be possible, but has not yet been implemented.
|
||||
|
||||
6.7 Add your user account to the default set of groups for an administrator:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ As `/var/log` is already compressed by ZFS, logrotate’s compression is going t
|
|||
|
||||
9.4 Optional (not recommended):
|
||||
|
||||
If you really like the graphical boot process, you can re-enable it now. It will make debugging boot problems more difficult, though.
|
||||
If you prefer the graphical boot process, you can re-enable it now. It will make debugging boot problems more difficult, though.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/default/grub
|
||||
Uncomment GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue