Debian: Remove old Jessie instructions
Richard Laager
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@ -40,4 +40,3 @@ Install the zfs packages:
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## Related Links
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- [[Debian GNU Linux initrd documentation]]
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- [[Debian Buster Root on ZFS]]
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- [[Dual booting OS X and Debian Jessie with ZFS root, cross mounting and full disk encryption]]
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@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
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## Synopsis
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ZFS is the only filesystem that can be mounted on the Mac with full
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write support and *also* used as a Linux root partition: [FUSE for OS X](https://github.com/osxfuse/osxfuse/wiki/List-of-fuse-for-os-x-file-systems)
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support for ext is constrained to ext2 with unstable write support,
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XFS is read-only and BtrFS isn't mountable on OS X at all. Thus,
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if you need cross-mounting on a dual-boot Mac, ZFS is the best and only
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option.
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As for encryption, Linux can open FileVault2 volumes with
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[libfvde](https://code.google.com/p/libfvde/) and supports HFS+
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out of the box, so that part of the equation is solved. The other way
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round, you can't open LUKS volumes on OS X, but you *can* open
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TrueCrypt containers. On Linux, TrueCrypt containers can be opened as
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well, and not only with the (now abandoned) TrueCrypt software, but
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natively with cryptsetup since [version 1.6](https://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/wiki/Cryptsetup160).
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So for OS X, we'll use HFS+ in a FileVault2 volume, and for Linux
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we'll use ZFS in a TrueCrypt container.
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Note that while Oracle has added [ZFS encryption](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/manage-zfs-encryption-1715034.html)
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as a closed-source feature in zpool version 30, their implementation is
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[susceptible to watermarking attacks](http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-hackers/2013-September/043340.html).
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The OpenZFS community may come up with a better (incompatible) design
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in the future, see [issue #494](https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/issues/494).
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In the meantime, the best solution is to layer ZFS on top of FileVault2,
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LUKS or TrueCrypt.
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Unfortunately, both TrueCrypt on OS X as well as libfvde on Linux
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don't run in kernel space but plug in to FUSE. Thus, when
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cross-mounting the other operating system's filesystem, the encryption
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happens in user space which incurs a performance penalty. However,
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that constraint only pertains to encryption of the cross-mounted filesystem.
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The native filesystem is always encrypted in kernel space (using FileVault2
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on OS X and dm-crypt on Linux). Also, the code to access the actual HFS+
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or ZFS filesystems runs in kernel space in either case. Last not least,
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TrueCrypt on OS X makes use of AESNI, so even though the program runs
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in user space, the actual encryption happens in hardware (on CPUs that
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support AESNI).
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## Partition layout
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```
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$ diskutil list
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/dev/disk0
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#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
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0: GUID_partition_scheme *960.2 GB disk0
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1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1
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2: Apple_CoreStorage 315.0 GB disk0s2
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3: Apple_Boot Boot OS X 134.2 MB disk0s3
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4: Apple_Boot Recovery HD 650.0 MB disk0s4
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5: 7FFEC5C9-2D00-49B7-8941-3EA10A5586B7 644.2 GB disk0s5
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/dev/disk1
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#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
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0: Apple_HFS Macintosh HD *314.6 GB disk1
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/dev/disk2
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#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
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0: *644.2 GB disk2
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```
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There are five partitions here: A 200 MiB EFI partition, the FileVault2 volume
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(315 GB in this case, cleartext version mounted as disk1),
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a 128 MiB OS X boot partition containing the FileVault key material, a 650 MB
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OS X recovery partition and finally the TrueCrypt container (644 GB in this
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case, cleartext version mounted as disk2).
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There's no need for a Linux boot partition, we'll just store the kernel
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and initrd on the EFI partition and load it with [gummiboot](http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/gummiboot/). Same for swap, we can use a ZVOL for that.
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This leads to a simpler and cleaner partition layout.
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## Step 1: Install OS X with FileVault2
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Although it's possible to convert an existing volume to FileVault2,
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I recommend starting afresh: Wipe the disk, create a new partition
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of type "Mac OS Extended (encrypted)" in Disk Utility, shrink it
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to the desired size and add the recovery partition and an unformatted
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partition for the TrueCrypt container. One benefit of this approach
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is that you're not asked to escrow the FileVault2 keys with Apple,
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which is the last thing you want.
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## Step 2: Install TrueCrypt and OpenZFS on OS X
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Download and install the following:
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1. [FUSE for OS X](http://sourceforge.net/projects/osxfuse/files/)
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2. [TrueCrypt 7.1a Mac OS X](https://truecrypt.ch/downloads/)
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3. [OpenZFS on OS X](https://openzfsonosx.org/wiki/Downloads)
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When installing TrueCrypt, be sure to skip the bundled FUSE release
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as it is out of date.
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## Step 3: Create the encrypted zpool
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We can comfortably do that on OS X, no need to fiddle around
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in the Debian installer.
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Start TrueCrypt and use the Volume Creation Wizard in the Tools menu
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to create a "Standard TrueCrypt" volume on partition disk0s5. When it
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comes to selection of a hash algorithm, steer clear of the
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NSA-designed SHA-512 and resort to a hash designed by the scientific
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community. Whirlpool seems like a decent option until Keccak is
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more widely supported.
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Mount the container in the TrueCrypt GUI and select the checkbox to not
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mount any filesystem in the container.
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Create the zpool and root filesystem (replace /dev/disk2 with whatever
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device number the TrueCrypt container was assigned):
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```
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$ sudo zpool create -o ashift=12 -o feature@lz4_compress=enabled mypool /dev/disk2
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$ sudo zfs create -o atime=off -o compression=lz4 mypool/root
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$ sudo zpool export mypool
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$ diskutil eject disk2
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```
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Note how you can use advanced, OpenZFS-specific features like lz4
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compression on the Mac just as you would on Linux thanks to OpenZFS'
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awesome cross-platform support.
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Click "Dismount" in the TrueCrypt GUI to close the container.
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## Step 4: Install Debian Jessie
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I decided to do an offline installation without any need for Internet
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access, one of the reasons being that most contemporary Macs use
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Broadcom Ethernet chips which require proprietary firmware and
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thus won't work out of the box in a Debian live environment.
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Unfortunately, there are no live images yet for Jessie so we'll have to
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use a Wheezy live image to bootstrap the installation. Download the
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[Wheezy rescue disk](http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/) and the [Jessie install disk 1](http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/jessie_di_beta_1/amd64/iso-dvd/)
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and burn each of them on a DVD or USB stick.
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Next, download the [Wheezy backport of cryptsetup 1.6](https://packages.debian.org/wheezy-backports/cryptsetup-bin). You need two debs, cryptsetup-bin and
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libcryptsetup4. I stored these temporarily on the EFI partition where I could
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access them in the live environment. (You can't mount the OS X partition in
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the live environment because it's encrypted and there's no libfvde available.)
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We'll also need the [Jessie gummiboot package](https://packages.debian.org/jessie/admin/gummiboot) which isn't on install disk 1.
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Finally, manually download the [ZFS on Linux packages](http://archive.zfsonlinux.org) and store them on the EFI partition as well. You'll need 11 debs:
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libnvpair1 libuutil1 libzfs2 libzpool2 spl zfsutils dkms spl-dkms zfs-dkms
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zfs-initramfs zfsonlinux.
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Boot from the Wheezy live image. Deinstall the package zfs-fuse as it only
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supports zpool version 23 and conflicts with ZFS on Linux. Mount the EFI
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partition and install the Wheezy backport of cryptsetup 1.6 as well as the
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ZFS on Linux debs.
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Open the TrueCrypt container and mount the root filesystem:
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```
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$ cryptsetup open --type tcrypt --allow-discards /dev/sda5 myvdev
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$ zpool import -a
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$ mount --bind /mypool/root /mnt
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```
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Insert the Jessie install disk 1 and mount it in /jessie. Locate the
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[debian-archive-keyring package](https://packages.debian.org/jessie/debian-archive-keyring) on the disk and install it. (Alternatively, pass --no-check-gpg
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to the debootstrap command below.) Then install the base system:
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```
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$ debootstrap --include=dkms,console-setup,cryptsetup,file,libc6-dev,linux-headers-amd64,linux-image-3.14-2-amd64,locales,lsb-release jessie /mnt file:///jessie/
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$ echo myhostname > /mnt/etc/hostname
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$ chroot /mnt dpkg-reconfigure locales
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$ chroot /mnt passwd root
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$ mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc
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$ mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys
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$ mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
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```
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Add `myhostname` (or whatever hostname you've chosen) to the 127.0.0.1 entry
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in /mnt/etc/hosts. Add the lines `auto lo` and `iface lo inet loopback` to
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/mnt/etc/network/interfaces. Customize the installation with dpkg-reconfigure
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as necessary, e.g. adjust the keyboard layout.
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Finally, use `dpkg --root /mnt --install` to install the ZFS on Linux
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packages. Never mind that they're intended for Wheezy, they work perfectly
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fine with Jessie.
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## Step 5: Install gummiboot
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Add entries to /mnt/etc/fstab like this:
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```
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/dev/disk/by-label/EFI /boot/efi auto defaults 0 1
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/dev/mapper/myvdev / auto defaults 0 1
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```
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Don't be confused by the second line, it's necessary to keep update-initramfs
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happy. (Obviously /dev/mapper/myvdev isn't the actual root device but rather
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contains the zpool, which in turn contains a dataset to be used as root
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partition.)
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Add an entry to /mnt/etc/crypttab like this, replace the dots with the id
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of your drive:
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```
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myvdev /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0x................-part5 none tcrypt,discard
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```
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The current version 0.115 of the initramfs-tools package has broken
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TrueCrypt support. I've submitted a [patch](https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?msg=10;filename=tcrypt.diff;att=1;bug=748286) which you'll have
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to apply manually to /usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/local-top/cryptroot until it gets merged by the maintainers.
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Create the initrd and mount the EFI partition in preparation of the
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gummiboot installation. Ignore any warnings about allegedly missing
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hash modules:
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```
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$ chroot /mnt update-initramfs -u
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$ mkdir /mnt/boot/efi
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$ mount /dev/disk/by-label/EFI /mnt/boot/EFI
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```
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Install the gummiboot package you've downloaded earlier. Edit
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/mnt/etc/default/gummiboot to look like this:
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```
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# Set the root device. If not specified, this is read from /proc/cmdline
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GUMMIBOOT_ROOT="ZFS=mypool/root"
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# Set the options to pass to the kernel command line
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GUMMIBOOT_OPTIONS="ro boot=zfs rpool=mypool bootfs=mypool/root"
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```
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On my machine with dual GPUs I also had to add the kernel options
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`nouveau.modeset=0 i915.modeset=0`, otherwise the screen would become
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garbled at boot.
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The current version 45-2 of the gummiboot package has a couple of bugs,
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the postinst script assumes that gummiboot is already installed and does
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an *update* instead of an *install*. Also, it assumes the kernel version
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we want to install is that of the Wheezy live system. Just work around
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the bugs like this:
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```
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$ chroot /mnt update-gummiboot `ls /mnt/boot/vmlinuz* | cut -d- -f2-`
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$ chroot /mnt gummiboot install --path=/boot/efi --no-variables
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```
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We're done. Unmount everything and reboot:
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```
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$ umount /mnt/dev
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$ umount /mnt/sys
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$ umount /mnt/proc
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$ umount /mnt/boot/efi
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$ umount /mnt
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$ zpool export mypool
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$ reboot
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```
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Because we invoked gummiboot with `--no-variables`, the NVRAM variable
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`efi-boot-device` was left untouched and the system will boot OS X by
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default. To boot Linux, hold down the option key during startup and
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select the disk icon labeled "EFI Boot".
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