MMP writes rotate over leaves

Instead of choosing a leaf vdev quasi-randomly, by starting at the root
vdev and randomly choosing children, rotate over leaves to issue MMP
writes.  This fixes an issue in a pool whose top-level vdevs have
different numbers of leaves.

The issue is that the frequency at which individual leaves are chosen
for MMP writes is based not on the total number of leaves but based on
how many siblings the leaves have.

For example, in a pool like this:

       root-vdev
   +------+---------------+
vdev1                   vdev2
  |                       |
  |                +------+-----+-----+----+
disk1             disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5 disk6

vdev1 and vdev2 will each be chosen 50% of the time.  Every time vdev1
is chosen, disk1 will be chosen.  However, every time vdev2 is chosen,
disk2 is chosen 20% of the time.  As a result, disk1 will be sent 5x as
many MMP writes as disk2.

This may create wear issues in the case of SSDs.  It also reduces the
effectiveness of MMP as it depends on the writes being evenly
distributed for the case where some devices fail or are partitioned.

The new code maintains a list of leaf vdevs in the pool.  MMP records
the last leaf used for an MMP write in mmp->mmp_last_leaf.  To choose
the next leaf, MMP starts at mmp->mmp_last_leaf and traverses the list,
continuing from the head if the tail is reached.  It stops when a
suitable leaf is found or all leaves have been examined.

Added a test to verify MMP write distribution is even.

Reviewed-by: Tom Caputi <tcaputi@datto.com>
Reviewed-by: Kash Pande <kash@tripleback.net>
Reviewed-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov>
Reviewed-by: loli10K <ezomori.nozomu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Olaf Faaland <faaland1@llnl.gov>
Closes #7953

include/sys/mmp.h

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ typedef struct mmp_thread {
 	zio_t		*mmp_zio_root;	/* root of mmp write zios */
 	uint64_t	mmp_kstat_id;	/* unique id for next MMP write kstat */
 	int		mmp_skip_error; /* reason for last skipped write */
+	vdev_t		*mmp_last_leaf;	/* last mmp write sent here */
+	uint64_t	mmp_leaf_last_gen;	/* last mmp write sent here */
 } mmp_thread_t;
 
 

include/sys/spa_impl.h

@@ -391,6 +391,8 @@ struct spa {
 	taskq_t		*spa_prefetch_taskq;	/* Taskq for prefetch threads */
 	uint64_t	spa_multihost;		/* multihost aware (mmp) */
 	mmp_thread_t	spa_mmp;		/* multihost mmp thread */
+	list_t		spa_leaf_list;		/* list of leaf vdevs */
+	uint64_t	spa_leaf_list_gen;	/* track leaf_list changes */
 
 	/*
 	 * spa_refcount & spa_config_lock must be the last elements

include/sys/vdev_impl.h

@@ -364,6 +364,7 @@ struct vdev {
 	hrtime_t	vdev_mmp_pending; /* 0 if write finished	*/
 	uint64_t	vdev_mmp_kstat_id;	/* to find kstat entry */
 	uint64_t	vdev_expansion_time;	/* vdev's last expansion time */
+	list_node_t	vdev_leaf_node;		/* leaf vdev list */
 
 	/*
 	 * For DTrace to work in userland (libzpool) context, these fields must

module/zfs/mmp.c

@@ -205,80 +205,57 @@ typedef enum mmp_vdev_state_flag {
 	MMP_FAIL_WRITE_PENDING	= (1 << 1),
 } mmp_vdev_state_flag_t;
 
-static vdev_t *
-mmp_random_leaf_impl(vdev_t *vd, int *fail_mask)
-{
-	int child_idx;
-
-	if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
-		vdev_t *ret;
-
-		if (!vdev_writeable(vd)) {
-			*fail_mask |= MMP_FAIL_NOT_WRITABLE;
-			ret = NULL;
-		} else if (vd->vdev_mmp_pending != 0) {
-			*fail_mask |= MMP_FAIL_WRITE_PENDING;
-			ret = NULL;
-		} else {
-			ret = vd;
-		}
-
-		return (ret);
-	}
-
-	if (vd->vdev_children == 0)
-		return (NULL);
-
-	child_idx = spa_get_random(vd->vdev_children);
-	for (int offset = vd->vdev_children; offset > 0; offset--) {
-		vdev_t *leaf;
-		vdev_t *child = vd->vdev_child[(child_idx + offset) %
-		    vd->vdev_children];
-
-		leaf = mmp_random_leaf_impl(child, fail_mask);
-		if (leaf)
-			return (leaf);
-	}
-
-	return (NULL);
-}
-
 /*
  * Find a leaf vdev to write an MMP block to.  It must not have an outstanding
  * mmp write (if so a new write will also likely block).  If there is no usable
- * leaf in the tree rooted at in_vd, a nonzero error value is returned, and
- * *out_vd is unchanged.
+ * leaf, a nonzero error value is returned. The error value returned is a bit
+ * field.
  *
- * The error value returned is a bit field.
- *
- * MMP_FAIL_WRITE_PENDING
- * If set, one or more leaf vdevs are writeable, but have an MMP write which has
- * not yet completed.
- *
- * MMP_FAIL_NOT_WRITABLE
- * If set, one or more vdevs are not writeable.  The children of those vdevs
- * were not examined.
- *
- * Assuming in_vd points to a tree, a random subtree will be chosen to start.
- * That subtree, and successive ones, will be walked until a usable leaf has
- * been found, or all subtrees have been examined (except that the children of
- * un-writeable vdevs are not examined).
- *
- * If the leaf vdevs in the tree are healthy, the distribution of returned leaf
- * vdevs will be even.  If there are unhealthy leaves, the following leaves
- * (child_index % index_children) will be chosen more often.
+ * MMP_FAIL_WRITE_PENDING   One or more leaf vdevs are writeable, but have an
+ *                          outstanding MMP write.
+ * MMP_FAIL_NOT_WRITABLE    One or more leaf vdevs are not writeable.
  */
 
 static int
-mmp_random_leaf(vdev_t *in_vd, vdev_t **out_vd)
+mmp_next_leaf(spa_t *spa)
 {
-	int error_mask = 0;
-	vdev_t *vd = mmp_random_leaf_impl(in_vd, &error_mask);
+	vdev_t *leaf;
+	vdev_t *starting_leaf;
+	int fail_mask = 0;
 
-	if (error_mask == 0)
-		*out_vd = vd;
+	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa->spa_mmp.mmp_io_lock));
+	ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER));
+	ASSERT(list_link_active(&spa->spa_leaf_list.list_head) == B_TRUE);
+	ASSERT(!list_is_empty(&spa->spa_leaf_list));
 
-	return (error_mask);
+	if (spa->spa_mmp.mmp_leaf_last_gen != spa->spa_leaf_list_gen) {
+		spa->spa_mmp.mmp_last_leaf = list_head(&spa->spa_leaf_list);
+		spa->spa_mmp.mmp_leaf_last_gen = spa->spa_leaf_list_gen;
+	}
+
+	leaf = spa->spa_mmp.mmp_last_leaf;
+	if (leaf == NULL)
+		leaf = list_head(&spa->spa_leaf_list);
+	starting_leaf = leaf;
+
+	do {
+		leaf = list_next(&spa->spa_leaf_list, leaf);
+		if (leaf == NULL)
+			leaf = list_head(&spa->spa_leaf_list);
+
+		if (!vdev_writeable(leaf)) {
+			fail_mask |= MMP_FAIL_NOT_WRITABLE;
+		} else if (leaf->vdev_mmp_pending != 0) {
+			fail_mask |= MMP_FAIL_WRITE_PENDING;
+		} else {
+			spa->spa_mmp.mmp_last_leaf = leaf;
+			return (0);
+		}
+	} while (leaf != starting_leaf);
+
+	ASSERT(fail_mask);
+
+	return (fail_mask);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -398,10 +375,10 @@ mmp_write_uberblock(spa_t *spa)
 		zfs_dbgmsg("SCL_STATE acquisition took %llu ns\n",
 		    (u_longlong_t)lock_acquire_time);
 
-	error = mmp_random_leaf(spa->spa_root_vdev, &vd);
-
 	mutex_enter(&mmp->mmp_io_lock);
 
+	error = mmp_next_leaf(spa);
+
 	/*
 	 * spa_mmp_history has two types of entries:
 	 * Issued MMP write: records time issued, error status, etc.
@@ -425,6 +402,7 @@ mmp_write_uberblock(spa_t *spa)
 		return;
 	}
 
+	vd = spa->spa_mmp.mmp_last_leaf;
 	mmp->mmp_skip_error = 0;
 
 	if (mmp->mmp_zio_root == NULL)

module/zfs/spa_misc.c

@@ -730,6 +730,9 @@ spa_add(const char *name, nvlist_t *config, const char *altroot)
 		spa->spa_feat_refcount_cache[i] = SPA_FEATURE_DISABLED;
 	}
 
+	list_create(&spa->spa_leaf_list, sizeof (vdev_t),
+	    offsetof(vdev_t, vdev_leaf_node));
+
 	return (spa);
 }
 
@@ -772,6 +775,7 @@ spa_remove(spa_t *spa)
 	    sizeof (avl_tree_t));
 
 	list_destroy(&spa->spa_config_list);
+	list_destroy(&spa->spa_leaf_list);
 
 	nvlist_free(spa->spa_label_features);
 	nvlist_free(spa->spa_load_info);

module/zfs/vdev.c

@@ -398,6 +398,11 @@ vdev_add_child(vdev_t *pvd, vdev_t *cvd)
 	 */
 	for (; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
 		pvd->vdev_guid_sum += cvd->vdev_guid_sum;
+
+	if (cvd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
+		list_insert_head(&cvd->vdev_spa->spa_leaf_list, cvd);
+		cvd->vdev_spa->spa_leaf_list_gen++;
+	}
 }
 
 void
@@ -427,6 +432,12 @@ vdev_remove_child(vdev_t *pvd, vdev_t *cvd)
 		pvd->vdev_children = 0;
 	}
 
+	if (cvd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
+		spa_t *spa = cvd->vdev_spa;
+		list_remove(&spa->spa_leaf_list, cvd);
+		spa->spa_leaf_list_gen++;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Walk up all ancestors to update guid sum.
 	 */
@@ -531,6 +542,7 @@ vdev_alloc_common(spa_t *spa, uint_t id, uint64_t guid, vdev_ops_t *ops)
 	list_link_init(&vd->vdev_config_dirty_node);
 	list_link_init(&vd->vdev_state_dirty_node);
 	list_link_init(&vd->vdev_initialize_node);
+	list_link_init(&vd->vdev_leaf_node);
 	mutex_init(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock, NULL, MUTEX_NOLOCKDEP, NULL);
 	mutex_init(&vd->vdev_stat_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
 	mutex_init(&vd->vdev_probe_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
@@ -914,6 +926,7 @@ vdev_free(vdev_t *vd)
 	vdev_remove_child(vd->vdev_parent, vd);
 
 	ASSERT(vd->vdev_parent == NULL);
+	ASSERT(!list_link_active(&vd->vdev_leaf_node));
 
 	/*
 	 * Clean up vdev structure.

tests/runfiles/linux.run

@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ tags = ['functional', 'mmap']
 tests = ['mmp_on_thread', 'mmp_on_uberblocks', 'mmp_on_off', 'mmp_interval',
     'mmp_active_import', 'mmp_inactive_import', 'mmp_exported_import',
     'mmp_write_uberblocks', 'mmp_reset_interval', 'multihost_history',
-    'mmp_on_zdb']
+    'mmp_on_zdb', 'mmp_write_distribution']
 tags = ['functional', 'mmp']
 
 [tests/functional/mount]

tests/zfs-tests/tests/functional/mmp/Makefile.am

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ dist_pkgdata_SCRIPTS = \
 	mmp_write_uberblocks.ksh \
 	mmp_reset_interval.ksh \
 	mmp_on_zdb.ksh \
+	mmp_write_distribution.ksh \
 	setup.ksh \
 	cleanup.ksh
 

tests/zfs-tests/tests/functional/mmp/mmp_write_distribution.ksh

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#!/bin/ksh -p
+#
+# CDDL HEADER START
+#
+# This file and its contents are supplied under the terms of the
+# Common Development and Distribution License ("CDDL"), version 1.0.
+# You may only use this file in accordance with the terms of version
+# 1.0 of the CDDL.
+#
+# A full copy of the text of the CDDL should have accompanied this
+# source.  A copy of the CDDL is also available via the Internet at
+# http://www.illumos.org/license/CDDL.
+#
+# CDDL HEADER END
+#
+
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2017 by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC.
+#
+
+# DESCRIPTION:
+#	Verify MMP writes are distributed evenly among leaves
+#
+# STRATEGY:
+#	1. Create an asymmetric mirrored pool
+#	2. Enable multihost and multihost_history
+#	3. Delay for MMP writes to occur
+#	4. Verify the MMP writes are distributed evenly across leaf vdevs
+#
+
+. $STF_SUITE/include/libtest.shlib
+. $STF_SUITE/tests/functional/mmp/mmp.cfg
+. $STF_SUITE/tests/functional/mmp/mmp.kshlib
+
+verify_runnable "both"
+
+function cleanup
+{
+	log_must zpool destroy $MMP_POOL
+	log_must rm $MMP_DIR/file.{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
+	log_must rm $MMP_HISTORY_TMP
+	log_must rmdir $MMP_DIR
+	log_must mmp_clear_hostid
+}
+
+log_assert "mmp writes are evenly distributed across leaf vdevs"
+log_onexit cleanup
+
+MMP_HISTORY_TMP=$MMP_DIR/history
+MMP_HISTORY=/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/$MMP_POOL/multihost
+
+# Step 1
+log_must mkdir -p $MMP_DIR
+log_must truncate -s 128M $MMP_DIR/file.{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
+log_must zpool create -f $MMP_POOL mirror $MMP_DIR/file.{0,1} mirror $MMP_DIR/file.{2,3,4,5,6,7}
+
+# Step 2
+log_must mmp_set_hostid $HOSTID1
+log_must zpool set multihost=on $MMP_POOL
+set_tunable64 zfs_multihost_history 0
+set_tunable64 zfs_multihost_history 40
+
+# Step 3
+# default settings, every leaf written once/second
+sleep 4
+
+# Step 4
+typeset -i min_writes=999
+typeset -i max_writes=0
+typeset -i write_count
+# copy to get as close to a consistent view as possible
+cat $MMP_HISTORY > $MMP_HISTORY_TMP
+for x in $(seq 0 7); do
+	write_count=$(grep -c file.${x} $MMP_HISTORY_TMP)
+	if [ $write_count -lt $min_writes ]; then
+		min_writes=$write_count
+	fi
+	if [ $write_count -gt $max_writes ]; then
+		max_writes=$write_count
+	fi
+done
+log_note "mmp min_writes $min_writes max_writes $max_writes"
+
+if [ $min_writes -lt 1 ]; then
+	log_fail "mmp writes were not counted correctly"
+fi
+
+if [ $((max_writes - min_writes)) -gt 1 ]; then
+	log_fail "mmp writes were not evenly distributed across leaf vdevs"
+fi
+
+log_pass "mmp writes were evenly distributed across leaf vdevs"