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<h1>Coding Style</h1>
<h2 id="bash-and-shell"><a class="toclink" href="#bash-and-shell">Bash and Shell</a></h2>
<p>When refactoring, writing or altering scripts, that is Shell and bash scripts, in any way, adhere to these rules:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Adjust your style of coding to the style that is already present</strong>! Even if you do not like it, this is due to consistency. There was a lot of work involved in making all scripts consistent.</li>
<li><strong>Use <code>shellcheck</code> to check your scripts</strong>! Your contributions are checked by GitHub Actions too, so you will need to do this. You can <strong>lint your work with <code>make lint</code></strong> to check against all targets.</li>
<li><strong>Use the provided <code>.editorconfig</code></strong> file.</li>
<li>Use <code>/bin/bash</code> instead of <code>/bin/sh</code>. Adjust the style accordingly.</li>
<li><code>setup.sh</code> provides a good starting point to look for.</li>
<li>When appropriate, use the <code>set</code> builtin. We recommend <code>set -euEo pipefail</code> or <code>set -uE</code>.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="styling-rules"><a class="toclink" href="#styling-rules">Styling rules</a></h2>
<h3 id="if-else-statements"><a class="toclink" href="#if-else-statements">If-Else-Statements</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># when using braces, use double braces</span>
<span class="c1"># remember you do not need "" when using [[ ]]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[[</span> <CONDITION1> <span class="o">]]</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="o">[[</span> -f <span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">FILE</span><span class="si">}</span> <span class="o">]]</span>
<span class="k">then</span>
<CODE TO RUN>
<span class="c1"># when running commands, you don't need braces</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <COMMAND TO RUN>
<CODE TO TUN>
<span class="k">else</span>
<CODE TO TUN>
<span class="k">fi</span>
<span class="c1"># equality checks with numbers are done</span>
<span class="c1"># with -eq/-ne/-lt/-ge, not != or ==</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[[</span> <span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">VAR</span><span class="si">}</span> -ne <span class="m">42</span> <span class="o">]]</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="o">[[</span> <span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">SOME_VAR</span><span class="si">}</span> -eq <span class="m">6</span> <span class="o">]]</span>
<span class="k">then</span>
<CODE TO RUN>
<span class="k">fi</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="variables-braces"><a class="toclink" href="#variables-braces">Variables & Braces</a></h3>
<div class="admonition attention">
<p class="admonition-title">Attention</p>
<p>Variables are always uppercase. We always use braces.</p>
</div>
<p>If you forgot this and want to change it later, you can use <a href="https://regex101.com/r/ikzJpF/7">this link</a>. The used regex is <code>\$([^{("\\'\/])([a-zA-Z0-9_]*)([^}\/ \t'"\n.\]:(=\\-]*)</code>, where you should in practice be able to replace all variable occurrences without braces with occurrences with braces.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># good</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <span class="nv">VAR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"good"</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <span class="nv">NEW</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">VAR</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="c1"># bad -> CI will fail</span>
<span class="nv">var</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"bad"</span>
<span class="nv">new</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$var</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="loops"><a class="toclink" href="#loops">Loops</a></h3>
<p>Like <code>if-else</code>, loops look like this</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">for</span> / <span class="k">while</span> <LOOP CONDITION>
<span class="k">do</span>
<CODE TO RUN>
<span class="k">done</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="functions"><a class="toclink" href="#functions">Functions</a></h3>
<p>It's always nice to see the use of functions as it also provides a clear structure. If scripts are small, this is unnecessary, but if they become larger, please consider using functions. When doing so, provide <code>function _main</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span> _<name_underscored_and_lowercase>
<span class="o">{</span>
<CODE TO RUN>
<span class="c1"># variables that can be local should be local</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <LOCAL_VARIABLE_NAME>
<span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="error-tracing"><a class="toclink" href="#error-tracing">Error Tracing</a></h3>
<p>A construct to trace error in your scripts looks like this. Remember: Remove <code>set -x</code> in the end. This is for debugging purposes only.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">set</span> -xeuEo pipefail
<span class="nb">trap</span> <span class="s1">'__err "${BASH_SOURCE}" "${FUNCNAME[0]:-?}" "${BASH_COMMAND:-?}" "${LINENO:-?}" "${?:-?}"'</span> ERR
<span class="k">function</span> __err
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <span class="nv">RED</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"\e[31m\e[1m"</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <span class="nv">RESET</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"\e[0m"</span>
<span class="nb">local</span> <span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"\n--- </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">RED</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">UNCHECKED ERROR</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">RESET</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="s2">"\n - script = </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">1</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="s2">"\n - function = </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">2</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="s2">"\n - command = </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">3</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="s2">"\n - line = </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">4</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="s2">"\n - exit code = </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">5</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> -e <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">ERR_MSG</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<CODE TO RUN AFTERWARDS>
<span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="comments-descriptiveness-an-example"><a class="toclink" href="#comments-descriptiveness-an-example">Comments, Descriptiveness & An Example</a></h3>
<p>Comments should only describe non-obvious matters. Comments should start lowercase when they aren't sentences. Make the code <strong>self-descriptive</strong> by using meaningful names! Make comments not longer than approximately 80 columns, then wrap the line.</p>
<p>A positive example, which is taken from <code>setup-stack.sh</code>, would be</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">function</span> _setup_postfix_aliases
<span class="o">{</span>
_notify <span class="s1">'task'</span> <span class="s1">'Setting up Postfix Aliases'</span>
: >/etc/postfix/virtual
: >/etc/postfix/regexp
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[[</span> -f /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf <span class="o">]]</span>
<span class="k">then</span>
<span class="c1"># fixing old virtual user file</span>
<span class="k">if</span> grep -q <span class="s2">",</span>$<span class="s2">"</span> /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf
<span class="k">then</span>
sed -i -e <span class="s2">"s/, /,/g"</span> -e <span class="s2">"s/,</span>$<span class="s2">//g"</span> /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf
<span class="k">fi</span>
cp -f /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf /etc/postfix/virtual
<span class="c1"># the `to` is important, don't delete it</span>
<span class="c1"># shellcheck disable=SC2034</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">read</span> -r FROM TO
<span class="k">do</span>
<span class="c1"># Setting variables for better readability</span>
<span class="nv">UNAME</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">$(</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">FROM</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="p">|</span> cut -d @ -f1<span class="k">)</span>
<span class="nv">DOMAIN</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">$(</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">FROM</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="p">|</span> cut -d @ -f2<span class="k">)</span>
<span class="c1"># if they are equal it means the line looks like: "user1 other@example.com"</span>
<span class="o">[[</span> <span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">UNAME</span><span class="si">}</span> !<span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">DOMAIN</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">]]</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">DOMAIN</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> >> /tmp/vhost.tmp
<span class="k">done</span> < <<span class="o">(</span>grep -v <span class="s2">"^\s*</span>$<span class="s2">\|^\s*\#"</span> /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nb">true</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
_notify <span class="s1">'inf'</span> <span class="s2">"Warning '/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf' is not provided. No mail alias/forward created."</span>
<span class="k">fi</span>
...
<span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="yaml"><a class="toclink" href="#yaml">YAML</a></h2>
<p>When formatting YAML files, use <a href="https://prettier.io">Prettier</a>, an opinionated formatter. There are many plugins for IDEs around.</p>
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